Impacts Of The Economic Downturn On Health Economics Essay

Undertaking ) â€Å" Identify and elucidate how the monetary downswing may affect straight and by implication on the health of individuals in the UK. Examine with notice to distinguish positions on wellbeing imbalances and financial position † â€Å" Those who do n't cognize history are bound to repeat it. † Edmund Burke ( 1729-1797 ) 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Poor wellbeing influences the lower-classes more altogether and lopsidedly than the high societies ( Chadwick, 1843 ) . To some degree before his clasp Chadwick closed the inconsistent effect of hapless wellbeing on lower financial gatherings is evitable. In fact, Chadwick guaranteed that he could cut the expire rate in London by a third by bettering the states of the lower-classes ( Chadwick, 1843 ) . Figure: Scanned mixture from the first investigation by Edwin Chadwick on the stimulating states of the working populace of Great Britain ( 1843 ) . 1.2 Chadwick ‘s confidence in miasma, as the instrument of expire, was erroneous yet his choice that the effect of sick wellbeing and mortality on the lower-classes was more noteworthy than that of â€Å" high societies † was definitely not off base. In 1844 Engles guaranteed the uniqueness was because of the pursuit of riches by the high societies, the white collar class, at the disbursal of the wellbeing of the lower-classes, the work, and alluded to the wonder as â€Å" cultural killing † ( Engles, 1844 ) . 1.3 Since Chadwicks ‘ concentrate in 1843 numerous others, most eminently, the Black Report ( DHSS, 1980 ) , the Whitehead Report ( Whitehead, 1988 ) , the Atchison Report ( 1997 ) and the Marmot Review ( 2010 ) , presume that those in lower-classes or lower financial gatherings are bound to be influenced by hapless health, and as an impact the work will see higher mortality which is unreasonable and completely evitable ( Bradby, 2009 ) . The motivation behind this paper is to put and elucidate how the 08/09 financial downswing may affect the health of individuals in the UK with explicit notice to social-class and wellbeing disparities. 2.0 Social-class and health imbalances 2.1 The Registrar General ‘s arrangement of social-class, considered in 1911, depended on business with explicit notice to the inferred cultural situation of that business ( Bartley and Blane, 2009 ) . This technique for order, restricted by its solid thought of an organized hierarchal-constant society, was supplanted in 2001 by the National Statistics Socio-monetary Classification ( NS-SEC ) , a universally perceived arrangement that takes history of position, salary, possibilities, security, guidance, and freedom and control ( Denny and Early, 2005 ) . 2.2 In utilizing NS-SEC, Marmot ( 2010 ) indicated the total of cultural disparity people experience is near to the entirety of riches and influence used by those single ; the less riches, influence and impact and as needs be the lower social-class the more prominent the imbalance. Graham ( 2007 ) , recognized the beginnings of monetary and cultural imbalance are hapless guidance, inadequacy of occupation possibility, and in like manner hapless pay risks, and showed a generational geographic disposition to sick wellbeing and disablement. 2.3 The possible cultural spot, cash, influence, and material riches procured in life are non comparative with their wellbeing risks, ( Marmot, 2010 ) . Together the determiners of health are established in the cultural, land, natural, political, and material universe ; which influence the psychological and physical prosperity of people unevenly. Dahlgren and Whitehead ( 1991 ) obviously depict the determiners of health as a multifactorial-financial wonder of which the mass is heavily influenced by those with more prominent force, see Figure: The central determiners of wellbeing ( Beginning: Dahlgren and Whitehead, 1991 ) . underneath: Figure: The central determiners of health ( Beginning: Dahlgren and Whitehead, 1991 ) . 2.4 The cultural imbalances in wellbeing are depicted by Bartley et al.. ( 2004 ) as 4 hypothetical records: 2.4.1 The conduct hypothetical record which advocates the single decides to harm their inner self through their ain hapless picks, for example, intoxicant abuse, medicate use, smoke, and hapless eating routine doing meatiness ( Bartley et al.. 2004 ) . 2.4.2 The realist hypothetical record which propose the nature of your material universe, for example, your home, the area you live in, and handiness of value stocks affects your health ( Bartley et al.. 2004 ) . 2.4.3 The psyco-social hypothetical record investigations the connection between the physiological impacts of apparent cultural injustice on the human natural structure. High accentuation, inadequacy of help, enthusiastic withdrawal, connections, can result destructive organic adjustments which show in unwellnesss ( Bartley et al.. 2004 ) . 2.4.4 The existence class hypothetical record, which joins strands from the social, realist, and psychosocial hypothetical record. On the off chance that you are of a lower social-class, cultural portability is far-fetched and your material universe is far-fetched to change to improve things, nor are you practices or stressors, all of which have negative total impacts that harm health yet can-not be moderated by cultural capital, ( Bartley et al.. 2004 ) . 2.5 Locker ( 2008 ) portrays the consolidate idea of these hypothetical records as the â€Å" web of causing † . Reminiscent of the recommendation that no individual hypothetical record chronicles for all reasons for sick wellbeing yet without vulnerability health disparities show in increasingly since quite a while ago run unwellness for lower-classes, and higher newborn child death rates, non to advert a more noteworthy chance of coronary chest infections, shot, lung harmful neoplastic illnesses, self-pulverizations, and respiratory sickness ( Marmot, 2010 ) . 3.0 Recession and Downturns 3.1 The meaning of a â€Å" Recession † is generally acknowledged as at least two consecutive quarters of negative developing. The ONS has recorded eight downturns in the course of the last 55 mature ages ; on standard of 1 each 6.8 mature ages, Table: Eight downturns between 1956-2009, related figure of negative developing periods and total effect on GDP. ( Beginning: ONS, 2011 ) alludes ( ONS, 2011 ) . Table: Eight downturns between 1956-2009, related figure of negative developing periods and combined effect on GDP. ( Beginning: ONS, 2011 ) . 3.2 Literature recommends the lower financial classification endure all the more well in the midst of downturn, in spite of the fact that Elliott et Al. ( 2009 ) propose the more extended term anguish and in certain regards, the best result on lower social-classes is from the downswing. The 08/09 downturn began in Q2/08 and finished in Q3/09, stand foring six fourth of negative developing and has the best combined diminishing in GDP ( ONS, 2011 ) . Elliott et Al. ( 2009 ) area the length of downturn and longer-term effects of the downturn are separated. The scholars endeavor at a graphical portrayal of Elliott et Al. ‘s premise are seen in beneath: Figure: Writers graphical portrayal of Elliott et Al. ‘s premise that the downturn and downswing are separated 3.4 This portrayal may propose the result of rebalancing is bound to affect lower social-classes than the downturn its self image, given that market powers controlled by higher social-classes make nature for a downturn, which is rebalanced via cardinal specialists at the disbursal of the lower-classes in the signifier of diminished open dispensing and likewise a reduction in business and cultural administrations. 4.0 Social-class and the financial downswing 4.1 Harmonizing to Marmot and Bell ( 2009 ) downturns have more prominent effect on those of a lower financial spot because of their powerlessness to bear a downturn. In spite of the fact that, Gerdtham and Ruhm ( 2006 ) , dependent on an examination of OECD informations, asserted mortalities rates decrease during downturns an investigation of informations acquired from the ONS shows that profound quality rates as a % of populace did non compound all around over the time of 1956 †2009 against the mean death rate for that period. Orchestrating the ONS data for the initial 5 downturns the death rate was higher than standard when considered as a % of populace. During the 90/91 downturn the death rates as a for each centum of populace was close standard thus declined essentially during the most recent downturn, which agree with Rhum ( 2005 ) discoveries, Figure: Mortality rates as a % of populace during downturn mature ages. ( Beginning: ONS 2011 ) alludes. Figure: Mortality rates as a % of populace during downturn mature ages. ( Beginning: ONS 2011 ) 4.2 Interestingly the joblessness rate as a for each centum of the populace when considered against the mean joblessness for the period 1973-2009, was fundamentally lower in the 73/74 downturn and simply arrived at para toward the start of the 90/91 downturn, Figure: Unemployment rates as a for each centum of populace during downturn mature ages alludes. Martikainen et Al. ( 2007 ) recognized in their study, death rates do non needfully increment during downturn mature ages, and truth be told, grounds proposes the antonym. In particular, during the last downturn death rates give off an impression of being over the standard during times of high joblessness, Figure: Mortality rates as a % of populace during downturn mature ages. ( Beginning: ONS 2011 ) and Figure: Unemployment rates as a for every centum of populace during downturn mature ages allude. Figure: Unemployment rates as a for every centum of populace during downturn mature ages, ( Beginning: ONS, 2011 ) 4.3 Marmot ( 2010 ) , Elliott et Al. ( 2010 ) , Kondo et Al. ( 2008 ) , finish up the effect on wellbeing is straight identified with social-class, which is significant when you think about most recent downturn. Proof shows that joblessness all things considered ascents and with that ascent there is other than an ascent in the morta

Jesus Christ-Life and Influence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jesus Christ-Life and Influence - Research Paper Example Jesus is collectively viewed as the one and the main virgin birth that has showed up in the whole history of humanity since the formation of Adam and Eve in the heaven. The Old Testament had just made an expectation about his appearance on the planet through the virgin conveyance to be made by a devout and modest honorable woman for example Heavenly Virgin Mary (Isaiah, 7:14). In this manner, the devout and strict disapproved of Jews were very much aware with respect to this uncommon sort of birth in their clan one day in the wake of the Commandments to be made by the Lord so as to show the agnostics, non-adherents, and fakers the indications of the Omnipotence of the Lord. Since all the clans having confidence in Almighty God were in hold up of such a hallowed birth, the Magi additionally voyaged wide from the old Persia to the city of Nazareth so as to see the favored youngster showed up on the planet from the high sky so as to fill the world with the stunning sacrosanct light of e quity, balance, honesty, and confidence. The Gospel of Matthew gives a point by point and far reaching record of the visit of the three Magi from the inaccessible locale of Persia (Matthew, 2:2). Since the Magi had been honored with the information on soothsaying, and their relationship with the Zoroastrians had expanded their confidence in the Oneness of Almighty God the Creator, the three Magi set out to a comprehensive campaign towards Nazareth so as to see the sacred kid and present their blessings to the Savior of mankind. Therefore, the youngster would absolutely be special and phenomenal one, which would go through his whole time on earth in instructing, lecturing and helping the individuals without separation, and would grasp passing at the prime of his childhood only for sparing the humankind from turning into a survivor of the discipline and misery for submitting the first sin. Jesus was conceived in Bethlehem, and the Magi additionally met him there (Anderson, 2005: 23-24 ). Notwithstanding, due to the resistance made by the wolves in sheep's clothing and non-adherents, Holy Mary needed to continue to Egypt so as to spare the hallowed youngster from the scorn of the jealous and angry individuals of Nazareth. Little is thought about the adolescence and early young people of the Holy Christ, however the students of history and scholars give off an impression of being concurring with the idea that the indications of the otherworldly height of this holy kid had begun showing up as a part of his character since the youth years (Littleton, 1975: 22). By one way or another, Jesus came back to his local city alongside his hallowed mother in his initial youth, where he was purified through water by Holy John the Baptist (Matthew, 3:13-16), however John is seen to proclaim Jesus better than him in all regards. Thus, it becomes clear that his contemporary upright men of Nazareth had kept up the information on the otherworldly and raised status of Jesus Christ. The Christian confidence is credited to Christ, who lectured love and thoughtfulness to all humankind.

Common Blogging Myths 5 Myths About Blogs People Thinks are True

Common Blogging Myths 5 Myths About Blogs People Thinks are True Last Updated on February 23, 2020You might also like: Blog hosting I work daily with bloggers and people who want to get started, so I’ve seen a lot of misleading opinions. Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert Today’s post will focus on discussing the myths that have spread widely to people who have recently started or desire to have a blog.Table of Contents Here are the blogging myths1. Blogging is an easy way to earn a ton of cash2. You need to a tech-savvy coder to get a blog up3. You have to write every single day4. You have to invest a lot of money in blogging5. There’s not much to learn about bloggingHere are the blogging myths Join the FREE TrainingDo You Want To Learn How To Build 6 Figures Authority Sites?Join This Free Training To...Finally have a proven method to finding profitable nichesGet access to a foolproof keywor d research methodLearn how to outsource quality contentLearn how to build white hat links to your site without headaches Everyone knows how to send and read one. The same applies to blogging. It used to be complicated but it has become easy nowadays.Everyone is capable of starting a blog these days and gets a decent blog up and running. Believe me, I have helped people from age 7 to 79. They all have managed to do that, why shouldn’t you?3. You have to write every single dayMost blogs don’t publish content every day unless they are big news sites. The average number of posts is 1-2 per week. Some professional bloggers even write only one long post every month but they still have thousands of readers.Every blogger develops their own regularity. The most important thing is consistency, not quantity. It’s not wise to flood followers with tens of posts as it is not good to leave the blog not updated for a very long time. When you get started, you can publish a post or two every week and that’s just enough to keep your readers excited and engaged.4. You have to invest a lot of money in bloggingPeople are talking about expensive blogging services, layout templates, and paid services ranging from $50 â€" $500. I don’t agree with that because I use free tools, templates and everything necessary.The only inevitable cost is the hosting plan a domain name. In total, that’s around $100 for something half decent; less than $10 per month in some cases. That’s the only cost to get started besides your own personal time.Unfortunately, people who have never blogged often discuss the topics they know nothing about; the same applies to money and expenses.5. There’s not much to learn about bloggingThere are a lot of skills that are regularly enhancing when people blog. Starting from self-discipline and writing skills, you get a lot of valuable information about marketing and specific industries.I’ll bring an example about my friend, who is a travel blogger: If you’re a travel blogger, you build valuable connections, learn a lot about the industry (how to find cheap plane tickets, where accommodation is the best, etc) and other blogs. After finishing his journey in 15 different countries, he got 4 job offers from travel agencies.You may ask why and here’s the answer: He knows the people bloggers, what they care about, how marketing works in this industry and much more. So, he’s a really valuable asset to the company.So, if you hear someone spreading these 5 myths about blogging, you know the real situation is a lot different. And if you haven’t started with blogging, head on over to my homepage and find out how. Facebook blog page Blogger to WordPress

Exploring Whether or not Profanity in Music is Corrupting...

Profanity in music, is it a problem that must be addressed now or is it even a problem that we as a society have the power to fix. There have been many different arguments on the topic of profanity in music, however the question remains should music be censored. In Robert T. M. Phillips’ address to congress he insists that we must act now to protect our society from the damaging effects of explicit music. Becky L. Tatum argues in her article â€Å"The Link Between Rap Music and Youth Crime and Violence† that the effects of rap music are basically unknown and extensive research must be conducted before causal assumptions are made. Martha Bayles suggest in her article â€Å"The Perverse in the Popular, that society is attracted to evils or negatives†¦show more content†¦Communication Theorists want the public protected from the lyrics that could alter there way of thinking. Cultural Studies seem to see think that the shocking aspects of entertainment are a neces sary evil. Then there is Traditional Philosophy, that seem to dismiss popular culture altogether. Communication Theory is based on Marshall McLuhan’s hypothesis that the medium is the message or that the media has the power to retool the human sensorium and change human consciousness. W. Russell Neuman found that most humans are resistant toward any message that dose not fit the makeup of the mind receiving it. The optimist and the pessimist of Communication Theory totally contradict each other. It seems that Bayles introduces her readers to the Communication theorist and both sides of the argument to discredit the theory altogether. Bayles then moves on to the field of Cultural Studies. Cultural Studies focuses on the political and social impacts of the media. Its academic practitioners place all works on the same level, as specimens to be analyzed, not evaluated. However that does not stop them from making judgments of value. As Bayles points out, Cultural Studies apply their own standards, which begin with the assumption that all cultural products are ultimately about power and possess value only to the degree that they attack the established social order. Bayles then discusses Traditional Philosophy, atShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesIntegrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation 226 Summary and Implications for Managers 228 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Confident Am I in My Abilities to Succeed? 202 Myth or Science? â€Å"The Support of Others Improves Our Chances of Accomplishing Our Goals† 204 S A L An Ethical Choice Motivated to Behave Unethically 209 glOBalization! Autonomy Needs Around the Globe 210 Self-Assessment Library What Are My Course Performance Goals? 214 Point/Counterpoint Fear Is a Powerful

Language, Exemplar, And Goodness Of Fit - 1579 Words

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The Privilege For False Privilege - 1597 Words

1. Does the absolute privilege for statements made in judicial proceedings protect defamatory statements made in letters to a judge submitted into evidence at a criminal trial? 2. Does the qualified privilege to publish to someone who shares a common interest or in defense of the interest of others apply when a party in a criminal matter solicited individuals to submit letters to a judge attesting to the party’s character? II. Brief Answers 1. Likely yes. Because the statements were related to judicial proceedings, and there was an opportunity to challenge the veracity of the statements, any defamatory statements contained therein are likely protected by the absolute privilege for statements made in judicial proceedings. 2. Perhaps. It†¦show more content†¦Peck, 43 Md. App. 168, 173 (1979). This doctrine has a fascinating history beginning on June 13, 1888, when the Court of Appeals decided three cases involving this privilege on the same day. 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Perceptions of Sex Crimes Investigators †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss anout the Perceptions of Sex Crimes Investigators. Answer: Introduction: The Forensic science mostly deals with the examination that are performed in public by the experts. It is closely tied with scientific methods that is used in solving crime cases. Now days it has become essential part of the judicial system. As when cases arrives related to life and death, forensic evidences plays a crucial role. Here key evidence in criminal cases may have come from witness or other subjective means from the past, but forensic always relies on objective evidences (Dror et al. 2013). In the judicial system, accuses remains innocent until proven guilty by the evidences and law. Thus, both the defense and prosecution in many court cases now regularly use it. The recent analysis on contextual bias has discovered that the examiners subjective decision and observation can be misled by excessive information and influences. As experts are intentionally taking vulnerable and erroneous decision after getting touched with the influential people. Thus the objectives are always tends to be hampered due to minor influences that leads experts to develop management expectation about the outcomes of the examination (Buckleton et al. 2016). Thus, there is a biasness due to wishful thinking, self-fulfilling prophecies, traditional values and belief perseverance. These biases work unconsciously without any wrongful intentions on an examiner. Thus these factors are not deliberate or due to incompetence. However, these factors are sincere and thus it affects dedicated forensic experts. These influences generally comes from different sources. There is a major role of the investigator as the theory of the case are in charge of him and at same time, his work is to provide information necessary and relatable to the experiment. Example of biasness includes communication between the colleagues working on the same experiment may share their results from each others work or from the transmittal letters that accompany evidences can induces a biasness in expecting the experiment outcome or acts as tunnel view if the case contains irrelevant information regarding the experiment (Quick and Choo 2014). There are many examples of contextual bias in forensics that occurred in recent times. A case related to Brandon Mayfield is an example of contextual bias. A bombing case occurred in the year 2004 where erroneous latent fingerprinting identification was undertaken. The United State Federal Bureau took the charge of investigation after Spanish police gave the necessary information related to case like dormant fingerprinting found from the plastic bag. The FBI surely identified Brandon Mayfield, as the criminal was a bomber. This experiment of identification was further clearly justified by the finger printing experts and other FBI agents that was appointed by the court itself. The methods of identifying the criminal was false due to erroneous fingerprinting of the individual and was not due to methodology or technology (O'Leary et al. 2015). It was a high profile case and there was a pressure to solve the case. The primary examiner in matching more characteristics between the prints i nfluenced the case. Subsequent examination was then performed, as the initial result was not withheld during verification stage, as the first examiner was highly respected supervisor. Error also occurred due to overconfidence in being one of the best fingerprinting agencies and urgency of case was also the cause that is related to the knowledge of the suspects spiritual belief and terrorist association. From the above example, it is clearly understood environmental influences can bias results for human hair examination. As criteria for identification of individualism occurs via methodology that is analysis, comparisons, evaluations, verifications. In this case first from of analysis was done based on the fingerprints found at the site of the investigation thus errors took place how contextual bias works. From the experimental study it was clear that as fingerprinting experts came to a decisions from the information provided by the police and critically analyzing it in first form of methods and no other forms of methods were further followed (Coulthard et al. 2016). Another example of contextual bias is the case of Stephan Cowans who become suspected as his name was suggested as someone who sold a hat to a criminal. This may have initially biased the investigation purposes, as it was an extraneous influence all around. Later print was found at home were of perpetrators daughter and mother that was misattributed to Cowans. As cows name was wrongly appeared. After those six years have passed, DNA evidences later rectified Cowans. There was another error committed by the fingerprinting examiner who had done mistake but proceed in the experiment through trail (Ward 2015). In this experiment, results came from the analysis of latent print by observing only the seller who was assumed to be suspected in this case. Later the seller was not found guilty as other processes of comparisons prints were done that passed the final review process, as peer review process was apart that checks the procedure that took place during the experiment. SHIRLEY Mackie case was also an example of contextual bias. Shirley Mackie was detective constable who was arrested in the accusation of falsehood for stating under oath as a crown witness. There a fingerprint was found in the crime scene of murder that was not her prints in that case. The finger printing experts proved this evidence of fingerprinting. Later the result was found to be erroneous. Here in this case the fingerprints were found very similar to the suspects so the experts concluded a positive identification when enough similar characteristics were found. This change in fingerprints may have occurs due to skin disease or with contact of other substances that leaves pattern ridge impression on the surface of the skin (Kukucka and Kassin 2014). Options in forensic Evidences: The Options are considered those measures that are undertaken in order to counter effect the contextual bias. Different aspects of options have been discussed in brief in the later part of the report. Blind Testing is the simplest form of options in forensic science which are used in order to counteract the contextual bias. Here no irrelevant information are given to the experts so that they cannot be influenced by the details. Only necessary information are provided regarding the case during the experiment. It sometimes occurs that important facts are required for execution of examination thus it becomes exposed. Sometimes cases are revealed in order to get the information so that task can be performed (Menaker et al. 2016). However, it requires filter system of information. Sometimes officers removes suggestive domain irrelevant information and form submission and they will help to coordinate the examination. At the time of experiment the beliefs, expectation of police and other personnel are being guarded from the examiner. Blindness to the context will ensure examiner based on the results on actual evidences. Another example is double blind proficiency test which is used to check the quality of performance of forensic laboratory and also assesses the competence of the examiner. Here the both the examiner and the laboratory are being unaware that their performance are being tested. A series of unknown samples that are also unknown to the laboratory and examiner are being sent for the examination management. However, it gives a clear indications of the performance of an examiner and his expertise. Forensic evidences is challenging based on contextual and conformation bias as it will appear in Australian court for justification. In these course of experiment there is diversity in literature and experimental studies as both varies in this regards. Despite of this, flaws courts still relies on the forensic science and has faith upon it (Drake and Adams 2015). It also becomes a challenge to the erroneous results because of extraneous influences that also becomes comprehended ideas to the forensic science. However, it is not uncertain that forensic experts performs an invariable role to the judge or jury. The judge and jury always provides interference regarding the experiment results but it is also agreed that forensic cannot be held only responsible for erroneous results (Vera-Rodriguez et al. 2017). Conclusion: In order to conclude the above discussion in brief it can be said that forensic is that branch of science which deals with investigation of criminal cases. It is an integral portion of our legal system. In recent times, forensic evidences have witnessed quite a few contextual biases that might be unintentional or even intentionally. As it is seen in the above discussion that these bias operate unconsciously and the major elements of these are proved to be prophecies, beliefs, traditional values, etc. These bias deviate the overall outcome of the forensic evidences. As the important cases were discussed which were the cases of Brandon Mayfield, Cowans and Mackie where it was observed that error took place due to biasness, overconfidence and negligibility. In order to overcome these issue certain steps are needed to be undertaken. In relation to the measures that are to be taken in order to overcome these problem the concept of options was discussed which explained several methods that are used to counter effect these biasness. These options include measures like Bling Testing, Double Blind Proficiency Test, etc. which act toward taking corrective decision in the event of any biasness. It was also observed in the discussion that these forensic evidences are always challenging based on contextual biasness. However, it can be stated that the role of forensic science to jury or judge is always incomparable and uniform. Reference Buckleton, J.S., Bright, J.A. and Taylor, D. eds., 2016.Forensic DNA evidence interpretation. CRC press. Coulthard, M., Johnson, A. and Wright, D., 2016.An introduction to forensic linguistics: Language in evidence. Routledge. Drake, S.A. and Adams, N.L., 2015. Three Forensic Nursing Science Simulations.Clinical Simulation in Nursing,11(3), pp.194-198. Dror, I.E., Kassin, S.M. and Kukucka, J., 2013. New application of psychology to law: improving forensic evidence and expert witness contributions.Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition,2(1), pp.78-81. Kukucka, J. and Kassin, S.M., 2014. Do confessions taint perceptions of handwriting evidence? An empirical test of the forensic confirmation bias.Law and Human Behavior,38(3), p.256. Menaker, T.A., Campbell, B.A. and Wells, W., 2016. Use of Forensic Evidence in Sexual Assault Investigations: Perceptions of Sex Crimes Investigators.Violence Against Women. O'Leary, A.E., Oberacher, H., Hall, S.E. and Mulligan, C.C., 2015. Combining a portable, tandem mass spectrometer with automated library searchingan important step towards streamlined, on-site identification of forensic evidence.Analytical Methods,7(8), pp.3331-3339. Quick, D. and Choo, K.K.R., 2014. Data reduction and data mining framework for digital forensic evidence: storage, intelligence, review and archive. Vera-Rodriguez, R., Fierrez, J. and Ortega-Garcia, J., 2017. Dynamic Signatures as Forensic Evidence: A New Expert Tool Including Population Statistics. InHandbook of Biometrics for Forensic Science(pp. 329-349). Springer International Publishing. Ward, T., 2015. An English Daubert? Law, forensic science and epistemic deference.The Journal of Philosophy, Science Law,15(1), pp.26-36.

10 Facts for a Statistical Report on Psychology Studies

10 Facts for a Statistical Report on Psychology Studies If you are looking for fun facts on psychology studies for a statistical report, consider the exciting psychological studies conducted below: One study focused on the dynamic differences between males and females was that of Antonette King, Britney Wardecker, and Robin Edelstein who explored whether personal mastery buffers women from long-term outcomes associated with CSA (King et al., 2015). The authors evaluated women with and without childhood sexual abuse, interviewing them roughly two to four years after the birth of their first child; the period was selected based upon historical ideas of motherhood having an important impact on long-term effects of women that had been sexually abused during childhood (King et al., 2015). According to the authors research victims of CSA are more likely to develop suicidal thoughts, depression, low self-esteem, and post-traumatic stress disorder. While all women experience some anxiety and challenges with a new birth, CSA victims often have greater maternal distress and anxiety due to negative family environments (King et al., 2015). Today, there is growth related to the holistic aspect of coping skills, focused primarily on more emotionally supportive methods of care that take into consideration all aspects of the patient and not just their mental state. One such breakthrough in this newer methodology completed by health practitioner and author Debra Rose Wilson who studied the health consequences of childhood sexual abuse survivors from a holistic perspective, providing a model with the purpose of supporting prevention, assessment, treatment, and legal advocacy for health care providers in the field with the use of existing research studies (Wilson, 2009). According to the authors research, after reviewing multiple and significant longitudinal and epidemiology studies, adult survivors of CSA of both genders experience more eating disorders, obesity, addictions, depression, and autoimmune disorders, such as asthma and irritable bowel syndrome (2010). The work of Ullman and Peter-Hagenes study which investigated coping strategies and CSA in their article titled Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Disclosure, Coping, Perceived Control, and PTSD Symptoms in Sexual Assault Victims (Ullman and Peter-Hagene, 2014).Using a sample of 1863 volunteer female sexual assault survivors from the Chicago area in the U.S., aged 18 to 71, with a racial makeup of 45 percent African Americans, 35 percent Caucasians, 2 percent Asian Americans, 14 percent Hispanic, and 8.1 percent other, the authors used a mail survey for respondents to complete (Ullman and Peter-Hagene, 2014) testing social reactions to assault disclosure on coping, perceived control over recovery, and PTSD symptoms. All participants had an unwanted sexual incident at the age of 14 or older, were currently the age of 18 and older, and had discussed the incident with someone historically; surveys were mailed to participants; survey questions included items related to social support, un wanted sexual experiences, PTSD symptoms, alcohol and drug use. One other consideration in current research is the ability to recognize early predictors of abuse, so as to afford a better opportunity for prevention and intervention. Debbie Sperry and Cathy Widoms study objective was to determine if CSA and neglect predict low levels of social support in middle adulthood, along with exploring if social support was a factor in mediating or moderating the relationship between CSA and subsequent outcomes of anxiety, depression, and illicit drug use (Sperry and Widom, 2013). Their article was based upon a cohort design study of data from children with recorded histories of CSA and neglect from ages zero to eleven for the years 1967 to 1971; social support was assessed at age 39.5 and anxiety, depression, and illicit drug use was assesses at age 41.2 (Sperry and Widom, 2013). Results consisted of self-reporting having an impact on resilience but needed to be reviewed in the context of the type of assault; many of the studies did not assess factors relating to the sexual abuse such as severity, type, etc., which represented a clear gap in literature/ The question of colored paper and its impact on academic performance has been measured for many years with results varying based on the clinical versus academic setting. Soldat, et al. (1997) tested the difference between red and blue colored paper for performance. The observations from this research indicated that there was a positive and negative effect in the form of happiness and sadness based on the color and that those with the blue paper performed better. The argument made by the researchers was that color was an affective cue and that it had a serious impact on performance. There are many coping strategies used today by adults who survived abuse. Of course, understanding which methods exist is the first step toward a greater appreciation for the wide spread requirements in this field. Kate Walsh, Michelle A. Fortier, and David DiLillo study the various coping theories (Walsh et al., 2010). The colleagues reviewed theories of coping with trauma and how these theories are applied to CSA victims coping as adults, by investigating over 39 studies, which consisted of 11 descriptive studies, 18 correlation studies, and ten investigational studies (Walsh et al., 2010). This study reviewed results discovered from theoretical information resulted in coping with sexual trauma indicating that it is a prolonged process requiring multiple strategies at different stages of recovery; descriptive studies revealed something similar, indicating that strategies evolve and change during the different coping phases (Walsh et al., 2010). One study emphasized the growing problem of re-victimization, something that is very prevalent throughout the current research. Michelle Fortier et al., 2009, tested a model that conceptualized the relationships between avoidant coping, increased trauma symptoms, and increased risk for adult sexual revictimization (Fortier et al., 2009). According to the authors, coping is extremely important for CSA victims, and sexual trauma leads to efforts to adapt through various emotional and behavioral responses, which can be effective and address the problem or ineffective and avoid the problem, with effectiveness dependant upon timing and the nature of the stressor (Fortier et al., 2009, p. 309). Authors Marjorie Feinson and Adi Meir evaluate the impacts of CSA and mental health, within a Jewish religious context in their 2015 study titled Exploring Mental Health Consequences of Childhood Abuse and the Relevance of Religiosity (Feinson and Meir, 2015). According to the authors, CSA has long been associated as a risk factor for mental health concerns, but little research has been done within a religious context (2015). The hypothesis of the study was that more mental health problems were associated with CSA victims versus non-CSA victims; noting that positive relationships exist traditionally between mental health patients and religious affiliation, the authors expected to find very few mental health problems from participants that were religiously devoted (Feinson and Meir, 2015). Expounding upon the concept of re-victimization is the serious concern about the continued relationships with perpetrators of abuse. David Cantà ³n-Cortà ©s and Cantà ³n examine the use of coping strategies and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among young adults in their study (2010). Various ways of analyzing coping are discussed including problem-focused and emotion-focused, the former being based upon changing the stressful situation in the environment or how the individual responds and the latter being based upon changing how one deals with the situation or the meaning of what happened in the situation (Cantà ³n-Cortà ©s and Cantà ³n, 2010). Active problem solving is another strategy reviewed, which consists of being aware of the stressor and taking action to avoid or deal with it. These facts should provide you with core data for your future academic report writing. You will have no trouble integrating them into your narrative. Feel free to use our auxiliary resources among which are 20 topics and 1 sample essay on psychology studies as well as our guide on writing a statistical report on this very subject. References: Cantà ³n-Cortà ©s, D., Cantà ³n, J. (2010). Coping with child sexual abuse among college students and post-traumatic stress disorder: The role of continuity of abuse and relationship with the perpetrator. Child Abuse Neglect, 34(7), 496-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.11.004 Feinson, M., Meir, A. (2014). Exploring Mental Health Consequences of Childhood Abuse and the Relevance of Religiosity. Journal Of Interpersonal Violence, 30(3), 499-521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514535094 Fortier, M., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Peugh, J., DeNardi, K., Gaffey, K. (2009). SEVERITY OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE AND REVICTIMIZATION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF COPING AND TRAUMA SYMPTOMS. Psychology Of Women Quarterly, 33(3), 308-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01503.x King, A., Wardecker, B., Edelstein, R. (2015). Personal Mastery Buffers the Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Women’s Health and Family Functioning. J Fam Viol, 30(7), 887-897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9728-4 Marriott, C., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., Harrop, C. (2014). Factors Promoting Resilience Following Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Structured, Narrative Review of the Literature. Child Abuse Rev., 23(1), 17-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.2258 Soldat, R.C. Sinclair, and M.M. Mark, â€Å"Color as an environmental processing cue: External affective cues can directly affect processing strategy without affecting mood,† Soc. Cognition 15(1), 55-71, 1997. Sperry, D., Widom, C. (2013). Child abuse and neglect, social support, and psychopathology in adulthood: A prospective investigation. Child Abuse Neglect, 37(6), 415-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.02.006 Ullman, S., Peter-Hagene, L. (2014). SOCIAL REACTIONS TO SEXUAL ASSAULT DISCLOSURE, COPING, PERCEIVED CONTROL, AND PTSD SYMPTOMS IN SEXUAL ASSAULT VICTIMS. Journal Of Community Psychology, 42(4), 495-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21624 Walsh, K., Fortier, M., DiLillo, D. (2010). Adult coping with childhood sexual abuse: A theoretical and empirical review. Aggression And Violent Behavior, 15(1), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.06.009 Wilson, D. (2010). Health Consequences of Childhood Sexual Abuse. Perspectives In Psychiatric Care, 46(1), 56-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2009.00238.x

We Are Our Mothers Daughters Essays - Cokie Roberts, Free Essays

We Are Our Mothers Daughters' Essays - Cokie Roberts, Free Essays We Are Our Mothers Daughters' Book Review We Are Our Mothers Daughters News correspondent Cokie Roberts, author of a meaningful book titled We are Our Mothers Daughters, published in 1998, call number 001-170, discusses significant issues facing women today in her book. She takes her readers on a personal and political journey, exploring the diverse roles women have played throughout American history and the connections and distinctions among different generations of women. On a personal level, each essay is an introduction to several of the fascination women Roberts has encountered during the course of her reporting career; she also relates powerful and moving life stories about the women in her life, like her mother former Congresswoman Lindy Boggs. Roberts style is unique. Roberts takes you through intimate stories of extraordinary women; these women become the beginning for more extensive discussions of womens position in politics, business, motherhood, and marriage, as well as other issues. Roberts examines the nature of womens roles, from mother to mechanic, sister to soldier, from her personal experience. Roberts is very sincere to her feelings in her writing in this book. I felt just as she was happy or sad. She begins her writing with the intense story of her sister, whom dies from cancer at a young age. The story of her mothers life as a politician next. Roberts also, wrote about an aunt of hers, a soldier, mechanic, friend, reporter, civil rights activist, wife, and an enterpriser. She concludes her book by her last chapter titled A Womens Place. She discusses all the important roles of the women she wrote about and how they tie together. A womens place is everywhere and anywhere in todays world. She worked her writing by writing about the women that were close to her and extended from there to other fascinating women she encountered in her career. Roberts dedicated a chapter to each women she wrote about. This book from my view is sensitive, strait forward, and perceptive. It also shows such a diversity of choices and perspectives available to women today and greatly affirms the bond of females powerful inter connection among all women, whatever their background. I would suggest anyone interested in where a women belong and the history of women should read this selection. Its just one of those bookes, where from start to end you might cry or laugh. I garuntee when you begin to read, you will not want to stop till you have read the entire book.

The Effects of Health Care Reform on Women and Children in America Assignment

The Effects of Health Care Reform on Women and Children in America - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that health care reforms should achieve universal and comprehensive insurance coverage, control cost, help purchasers, and add value, prevent the wastage of resources, and use an integrated approach. The exigence or urgency of the issue fuels the implementation of health care reform, to fulfill the needs of the vulnerable sections of society. The above type of claim is identified as Claim of Policy. This refers to the fact that the future course of action regarding health care reform for women and children has to be through further policy changes, which should be appropriately implemented. The claim or position of this paper is that children and women are a vulnerable group who require adequate reforms in health care provision, for improved quality of life. There is a requirement for controlling cost, assisting consumers, adding value, achieving universal coverage, and preventing wastage of funds and resources, for meeting the needs of childr en and women, including older and senior women. Moreover, an integrated approach to implementing the reform measures, along with mutual information sharing is considered essential. From the reduction of welfare rolls and the implementation of welfare reforms have emerged increasing numbers of uninsured children. This vulnerable and important group need Medicaid coverage on priority; children being relatively inexpensive to provide health care insurance, and also benefit from coverage, besides having a right to expect special consideration by virtue of their vulnerability. Similarly, older, senior women and poor, pregnant women are high risk and vulnerable groups for whom reform measures need to be improved. Lack of insurance prevents pregnant women from seeking prenatal care, leading to declining in the health of both the infant and the mother, and increased the possibility of infant mortality.

Compensation and Benefit Systems n Dominos Pizza in the US Essay

Compensation and Benefit Systems n Dominos Pizza in the US - Essay Example The company chosen for this paper is Domino’s Pizza as this is one of the world biggest companies of pizza production and delivery. The company was founded in the USA in 1960 by Tom Monaghan. Since that time Domino’s Pizza Company became one of the leading fast food delivery companies in the world: â€Å"We have been delivering quality, affordable pizza to our customers since 1960 when brothers Thomas and James Monaghan borrowed $900 and purchased a small pizza store in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Since that time, our store count and geographic reach have grown substantially†. Domino’s Pizza combines some methods of international expansion and development, but there are some most effective ones which provide the best penetration to the international markets. Compensation and benefit systems of Domino’s Pizza in the United States are tightly connected with its methods of international expansion. The most important parts of the system are licensing and franc hising: â€Å"We have developed a large, global, diversified and committed franchise network that is a critical component of our system-wide success and our leading position in pizza delivery. As of March 21, 2004, our franchise store network consisted of 6,878 stores, 63% of which were located in the contiguous United States†. This system has doubtless advantages namely for such global international company as Domino’s Pizza. The franchise system allows minimizing such negative barriers of international expansion as a language barrier, local governmental measures and the registration of a trademark.trademark. The system also provides the adaptation of Domino’s Pizza rights and regulations to the cultural differentiations of various countries. Domino’s Pizza quick service restaurants in different countries are not a wholly subsidiary of Domino Pizza Company (like McDonald’s in the UK). They are based on Franchising Agreement with Domino’s Pi zza International, Inc. A franchisee must have appropriate local market, business strategies and experience knowledge. Through well developed franchising system Domino’s Pizza Company gains constant royalty payments which allow the company to develop and expand to international markets. The growth and benefit of Domino’s Pizza is mainly provided by its franchising system development and royalty payments from numerous stores throughout the world. This system provides competitive compensation and appropriate benefit for the company: â€Å"All the other HR processes and systems, like competitive compensation, appropriate benefits and providing a learning environment, add to that† (Whitney K., 2005). The company has chosen the most appropriate method of international expansion. Domino’s Pizza makes franchising agreements with appropriate firms working in relevant market segments and having local market features knowledge. This mode of international expansion protects Domino’s Pizza from superfluous financial costs connected with wholly owned subsidiaries. To increase franchisee compensation and benefit and support the brand image of Domino’s Pizza, the company provides different kinds of franchisee supporting programs. The training course gives appropriate knowledge of Domino’s Pizza functioning, its rules and policy, as well as other relevant elements of Domino’s Pizza business. One of the most important moments in Domino’s Pizza international expansion is franchisees attraction as franchising and licensing system is the key-point mode of Domino’s Pizza international market entry and development. For attracting new franchisees

Social Security Policy In Hong Kong Social Work Essay

Social Security Policy In Hong Kong Social Work Essay Welfare services are significant elements in a society, which welfare should provide, to what extent the welfare can be provided and how to provide may vary among different society. There are some models help us to understand the factors affecting the welfare system such as the Residual Welfare Model and the East Asian Welfare Model. We will examine whether Hong Kong a typical example of these two models by analyzing the social welfare policies. Social welfare refers to the well-being or betterment for individuals through direct benefits, services or disposable income (Wong, 2010). According to Ronald B. Dear, Social policies are those principles, procedures, and courses of action established in statute, administrative code, and agency regulation that affect peoples social well-being. Social Welfare Policies are some sort of these social policies. They may be thought of as those policies that affect the distribution of resources Richan (1988). In the following analysis, we will 5 main kinds of welfare policies which are housing, education health care, social care and social security to illustrate whether Hong Kong a typical example of both the East Asian Welfare Model and Residual Welfare Model or not. There are various characteristics of the Residual Welfare Model, the individual characteristics, economic characteristics and the characteristics of government and state. For the individual characteristics, people are recognized to be self-independent, self-interested and self-responsible. For the economic characteristics, laissez fair economy and the invisible hand are upheld since people believes that market can solve the social problems and to maintain the well- being of the society. The government and state are the major providers of social welfare and control to what extent the welfare can be provided. Under RWM, the government and state should not over burden itself with social welfare/ services and interfere with individual right and interests. Therefore, only the basic welfare should be provided i.e. law and order, defense, transport and communication infra- structure. Welfare seems as residual, temporary and substitutes of the normal structure of supply which means the family and the market economy. Only when the normal structure of supply breaks down, social welfare and services should be provided. In order to avoid the reliance on the welfare system, some of the welfare/ services may come with the stigma of dole or charity element. The poor is the major group of people to receipt welfare and they always recognized as the incompetent second class members of society. To ensure the welfare can be provided to the people in need, welfare will always have selec tivity. The most common method is by means test. According the Mishra, the main features show that a minimal government or state is preferred. The government just wants to provide welfare for the paupers and poor which is just minority group of the society. The services provided are just serving the basic need for them and range of statutory services is limited. Combining all these elements, welfare is just a safety net, confined to those who are unable to manage otherwise. Main features Residual 1. State responsibility in meeting needs (ideology of state intervention) Minimal 2. Need-based distribution as a value (ideology of distribution) Marginal 3. Range of statutory services Limited 4. Population covered by statutory services Minority 5. Level of benefits Low 6. Proportion of national income spent on state service Low 7. Use of means test Primary 8. Nature of clients Paupers/ the poor 9. Status of clients Low 10.Orientation of the service Coercive 11. Role of non-statutory agencies in welfare Primary Fig.1, The main features of Residual Welfare Model, (Mishra, 1984) Whether Hong Kong a typical example of Residual Welfare Model? We used the 5 main kinds of social welfare policies in Hong Kong to illustrate Hong Kong is adopting the RWM or not. Education Hong Kong provided different schemes for people to pay for their education fee. One of the education subsidy schemes is Pre-primary Education Voucher Scheme. Government will subsidize the parents to meet towards school fees for pre-primary education of their children in the form of Pre-primary Education Vouchers. In addition, Hong Kong government announced 12 years of free education in Policy Address 2009-2010. It provides 12 years compulsory free education to children. For the Tertiary students, Tertiary Student Finance Scheme was released. Government provided larger amount of subsidies to tertiary students. The total amount of grant paid by government is $621.93 million in 2009-10. Fig.2, Publicly-funded Programmes Summary of Statistics The Continuing Education Fund (CEF) subsidizes adults who willing to pursue continuing education and training courses. Adequate applicants will be refunded 80% of their fees, a maximum sum of HK$10,000. Apparently, government pays effort on the education policies and the population covered is really broad. Health Care For the Clinics part, 70 % of primary consultations take place in private sector while others take place in government funded clinics. Moreover, there are 41 public hospitals in Hong Kong. However, there are only 12 private hospitals. And the Hong Kongs 12 private hospitals provide a total of 2794 beds. It less than 10% into the number of hospital beds in Hong Kong. Furthermore, in Healthcare Reform (2009-2010 Policy Address), government decided to increase the healthcare expenditure from 15% of the Governments recurrent expenditure to 17% by 2012. The strategy of healthcare reform reflects the governments direction of healthcare in the follow few years will still highly intervene in the healthcare services. All of these healthcare policies show that government has a quite high level of intervention and these services are open to all the Hong Kong residents without any selectivity. As a result, the health care does not match to the principles of residual welfare model. Housing Government also had launched lot of policies about housing. There are about 710  000 public rental housing in the Housing Authoritys portfolio, housing about two million people. Tenants Purchase Scheme (TPS) was introduced in 1997 to enable at least 250  000 families living in public rental housing to buy their flats at an affordable price which is lower than the market price. Besides, Home ownership schemes (HOS) is another ownership scheme. It is designed to assist residents to buy their own flats and HOS flats are subsidized public housing. It is easily to find that government had interfered a lot in the housing supply. The population covered not just focus on the minority. Therefore, it differs from the principles of residual welfare model. Social Care In the field of social care, it provides a wide range of services taking care of the elderly, children, young people, disabilities, the victims of domestic violence, etc. This is quite different from the RWM since the population covered is large. The most common method adopted by the HK Government to provide the welfare services is to form partnership with non-government organizations. The government give a Lump Sum Grant to the NGOs and they provide the services to those in need. The expense on the Social Welfare Organization occupied the third large proportion of the total expense on welfare in Hong Kong. Fig.3, The expense of the social services organization Social Security Comprehensive Social Security Assistance Scheme The characteristics on providing services on social security seem more close to the RWM. The aim of social security is to provide for the basic and special needs of the members of the community who are in need of financial or material assistance (Social Welfare Department, 2008). It is a short- time help. CSSA is a safety net for those who cannot support themselves financially and bring their income up to a prescribed level to meet their basic needs (Social Welfare Department, 2008). The old age, single parent and unemployment are the three major groups of people of to apply CSSA (Statistics on Comprehensive Social Security Assistance Scheme 1998-2008, 2009). In order to select the most needed, people apply for CSSA should go through the financial tests. They need to pass the income and assets tests. Office interview and home visit will conduct to investigate and verify the applicants circumstances and information provided. Since this is a short-time help, the government do not want people rely on it, there is some special arrangement for those aged 15-59 in normal health to actively seek full-time jobs and participate in the Support for Self-reliance Scheme of the Department (Social Welfare Department, 2008). Sub-conclusion In the 5 main kinds of social policies, only the social security seems to be the typical example of residual welfare model. Social security just provides short-term help and to fulfill the basic needs of the recipients. Moreover, a series and comprehensive investigation and financial test are needed. And the CSSA may cause the Stigmatization. People may have bias on those CSSA recipients. Besides Government pays effort to teach and encourage the recipient to work in other to leave the safety net. In this sense, it conforms to the principle of residual welfare model. On the other hand, the other four categories of social welfare policies are not much like the residual welfare model. They are more like universal benefits and services having no or less selectivity, because benefits available to everyone. Those policies not only provide basic needs of individual but also to improve the quality of life, cultivate the citizens, and so on. Therefore, the expenditure on welfare keeps increasing. Thus, Hong Kong is not a typical example of residual welfare model. The East Asian Welfare Model (the EAWM) Definition There is another model related to social welfare policy which is the East Asian Welfare Model. It shares the Confucian ethics and value emphasizing on education, strong family relations, benevolent paternalism, social harmony, discipline, respect for tradition and strong work ethic. To determine whether Hong Kong is a typical example of The East Asian Welfare Model, we can see if it matches the elements of the model. Dominated on economic concerns In the EAWM, welfare policies are dominated on economic concerns in order to improve the productivity of labour force and provide strong working incentive. As it aims to help increasing the productivity of an economy, it is also called as a productivist social policy. Hong Kong does match this element. There is a concept of from welfare to workin Hong Kong. When more people have their own jobs, the numbers of CSSA recipients will decreases and the productivity of an economy will be increased too. Targeted employment assistance for various CSSA Recipients In Hong Kong, the government targets employment assistance for various CSSA recipients. For example, the Three trial Enhanced Community Work Projects which includes training elements in 2005 to 2006 were aimed to enhance the employability of participants. Up to October in 2006, there were 145 Intensive Employment Assistance Projects which provided intensive employment assistance services to unemployed CSSA recipients. Hong Kong government also supports for Self-reliance Scheme (SFS) that encourages and assists employable recipients to take up paid employment so as to make them to become self-reliant. This scheme includes Active Employment Assistance programme and Community Work programme. They aimed to help people finding jobs and thus increase the productivity of Hong Kong. Regulator rather than provider The Hong government acts as a regulator of welfare policy rather than a provider in EAWM. Hong Kong matches this element since Hong Kong government contracts out the services by giving funds to different organizations and asks them to provide welfare services for it. For example, it provides funds to The Neighbourhood Advice-Action Council to build Family Crisis Support Centres in order to tackle family crisis. It also gives funds to Po Leung Kuk and Childtime International Nursery Limited to build up child care centre so as to provide child care services. It gives funds to St. James Settlement and Hong Kong Society for the Aged to provide elderly services such as building up Elderly Community Centres. Way to maintain social stability and legitimacy In the EAWM, welfare has been seen and used as a key element to maintain social stability, to get the legitimacy of governments which lacked democratic legitimacy and to ameliorate grievances. Hong Kong matches this element. In Hong Kong, the Chief Executive and government officials are not elected by universal suffrage. With less legitimacy, welfare service becomes one of the tactics to pacify the grievances and to maintain social stability. Welfares can keep social stability as when peoples needs have been satisfied, they are expected not to commit crimes. Hong Kong government does do a lot to give financial assistance to the poor. For example, CSSA Scheme gives financial assistance to those who cannot support themselves. Social Security Allowance (SSA) Scheme provides monthly allowance to Hong Kong residents who are severely disabled or 65 years old or above. It shows that Hong Kong government uses welfare as a tool to maintain social stability, and so as to retain the legitimacy of the government. Low social welfare expenditure Hong Kong Government expenditure on social welfare is low compared with the Western countries. The welfare expenditure (% of GDP) of some western countries is above 20%, some are up to 29%. In Hong Kong, the welfare expenditure (% of GDP) is around 8% due to the low tax rate and the reliance on the market and the family to provide welfare. Hostile to the idea of welfare state Hong Kong is also hostile to the idea of welfare state. In the welfare states, the tax rate is high such as the corporate tax rate is 25% and the personal tax is up to 58% in Denmark. The high tax can support rate of large welfare expenditure. Welfare states provide comprehensive coverage of welfare including old-age pensions, unemployment benefits health and childcare services. The welfare is also very favourable since is more than the basic needs. In Sweden, the unemployed will receive 80 percent of his or her normal income under the unemployment benefits. However, in Hong Kong, the tax rates are extremely low compared with the OECD standards. The corporation tax rate is 17.5% and personal tax rate is only 16%, around 1/3 of the OECD standard. Hong Kong is one of the places with the lowest tax rates, named as tax haven. The low tax rates encourage competition i.e. the harder you work and more you gain. In the White Paper Social Welfare into the 1990s, government stated that it worked hard to improve the dependency culture and remind the citizens incentive to work and undermines the productive engine of the economy. It is to encourage self- independence and responsibility. Significant role of the family The family plays a significant role in Hong Kong social welfare. Hong Kong is influenced by the traditional Confucian culture which is family oriented. The role of family is measured not just by its affluence but also by its core values, the kindness, caring for others and mutual support. The family members support and look after each other. The number of elderly living with their son is higher than that in Western countries. The Government policies also promote the family values to lighten the dependency on social welfare system. Under Hong Kong tax system, allowances are given to the taxpayers who taking care of their children, parents and grandparents. It is to encourage family members to look after the youth and the elderly. Besides, the Public housing allocation policy will give special consideration to the family with elderly. The housing policy is family oriented. In the Policy Address 2009-2010, CE suggested to set up a Happy Family Info Hub to promote family core values, and to introduce family education as well as support services for the family. (Policy Address 2009-2010) Piecemeal, pragmatic and ad hoc welfare development Welfare development in Hong Kong is piecemeal, pragmatic and ad hoc. There is no comprehensive long term development plans on social  welfare, for example, the public housing policy in 50s, the aims of the policy is to settle the fire victims of Shek Kei Mei squatter areas. Besides, The Government legitimacy is shattered in the 67 riot. After that, Government started the social security policy including public assistance scheme, old age and disability allowances in the early 70s. The aims of the social security policy are to deal with critical issues and maintain society stability. Social welfare policies are reactive measures to address ad hoc issues without long term planning. Conclusion In conclusion, only social security policy in Hong Kong fit the Residual Welfare Model but other policies such as housing, education, health care and social care do not fit the model. On the other hand, the social welfare systems in Hong Kong fit most of the elements of The East Asian Welfare Model. Therefore, we do not agree that Hong Kong is a typical example of both models since it is not a typical example of the Residual Welfare Model but a typical example of the East Asian Welfare Model.

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Sometimes it's easy to tell what is on a person's mind by the way they position their body. Facial expressions also give clues as to what other people are thinking. The way a person stands, positions their arms, and smiles can tell a lot about them. Men and women typically have different movements, which mean different things. People position their bodies in many different ways when standing. The most intimate of them being, face to face, hip to hip (Fenney 102). This is something that usually only men do when they're mad. When conducting an experiment, in which she acted like a man for a day, Susan Fenney stood this way towards a male coworker. He would keep inching away from her. Within five minutes he had done two complete circles (Fenney 102). Men usually take up more space while sitting down. It is not necessarily because they are bigger; men were raised believing that they have more power then women (Fenney 102). They are also more likely to take an armrest, and least likely to give up a subway seat to a pregnant lady (Fenney 102). The way men and women greet people is very different. Contrary to popular beliefs, men are more likely to touch women when they greet them, then women are to touch men. Men usually touch people on their upper body, for instance, back-slapping. When Susan Fenney tried this on her boss on her day as a man, he was startled and took a moment to answer her. It is more like women to touch people on the shoulder or arm (Fenney 102). Facial expressions are great indicators of what is on people's minds. The face has 44 muscles, nerves, and blood vessels, which can twist into 5,000 different expressions (Blum 34). Facial expressions are not always easy to read though. As Dr. Paul Ekman said, "In a sense, the face is equipped to lie the most and leak the most, and thus can be a very confusing source of information" (Blum 34). The face is able to signal emotions in a second, and it is also able to hide emotions just as well (Blum 32). Researchers have come up with 6 basic and different expressions that are usually the most easy to read and make. Those are: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise, and happiness (Blum 34). Smiles are the most easily recognized way of showing happiness.

Janmar Coating INC Essay

Janmar Coating INC is currently facing a problem of where and how to enact corporate marketing efforts among various paint coatings market. Several top executives cannot come to an agreement on if they should expand to non-Dallas Fort Worth (DFW) areas or construct additives to the current budget for advertising, hiring a salaried employee, or cutting prices so that the customers and retailers who are price sensitive will not be discouraged to use the product. According to the case study the U.S. paint coating industry has three segments. The smallest of the three with only 22% of the market is the special coatings segment. This group is particularly used on items that may have extreme temperature fluctuation or environmental factors. The middle segment with 35% market share is the Original Equipment manufacturing (OEM). OEM is used on objects such as cars, trucks, building products and more. The largest segment with 43% market share is the architectural coatings used on homes, buildings, industrial structures and more. Industry sales for paint coatings in 2004 were around 16 million with expected sales to increase in the next year. Analyzing the data reflects that the segment of Architectural Paint coatings and sundries have a strong position in the industry. This 12 billion plus group is expected to grow more with the extreme demand of maintenance and repairs on new and old homes increase. Although its competition such as aluminum and vinyl siding appears to have a grip on the market but APC is still holding steady. In addition, the do it yourself painters are increasing in popularity making the trend successful and providing stability in the market. Knowing the competition is not hurting but this segments growing concerns are the mandatory regulations regarding a reduction  in emissions caused by the production of paint. This has stigmatized the industry causing sales to decrease which resulted in many business closing or merging with bigger firms. Janmar’s mission is to gain more market share across the industry. With sales being steady in the DFW area there should be an emphasis on the non DFW area which may provide an increase in sales which will result in increased revenue. A strength of the company is great customer relationships. Many believe to sell a particular product you must know the product very well and Janmar’s representatives has demonstrated  this according to several internal customer surveys. Team perseverance believes a weakness in this company may be its inability to begin penetrating the market outside the DFW area. Also the indecisiveness of the leadership of the company may prevent them from taking advantage of the upcoming peak season. In the past before the specialty stores or the big retailers like Walmart and home depot were around Janmars competition was minimal. Although they have many professional painters that purchase their product it may be considered a weakness because it limits gaining more share. The alternative course of action in the Janmar case are being able to excel their presence in the DFW do-it-yourself market. A con to this alternative is that many consumers select a store before selecting the brand. With many stores having more than one brand this may leave the consumer a chance to purchase a less priced product. It is very common for consumers to purchase from advertising they have also seen although a very small percentage. A pro would be the increasing of brand awareness. The cost to enact this alternative is around $350,000 in brand advertising over the current budget. Another alternative which counter acts the previous mentioned alternative is to issue a special coupon in the newspaper. A con may be that in the time of the internet print marketing is out of date and seen as less effective. The alternative is to  hire a new sales representative that may be aggressive in the non DFW area may be a better suggested alternative. A pro to this alternative is the direct cost in salary vs $350,000 in addition to the budget which the salary is dramatically lower in price. The final alternative is to continue with the current approach. Team recommends that Janmar Coating Inc. should chose the last alternative with a twist. Keep everything the same with small increments of change. The first change would be adding a new sales rep. We believe this individuals role to recruit new accounts may show a faster result in revenues via new accounts than advertising on the television which carries a higher cost and more time to see sales increase. This representative may have the ability to get more accounts in one year than they have in five years. One of the strengths of Janmar is its ability to satisfy its retailers. It is crucial that Janmar begins to aggressively  attack the non DFW area in order to get there presence and product known. With globalization it is very easy for a company to be left behind.

Renaissance Essay - 920 Words

The Renaissance was an era of change in human thought. It was characterized by a new philosophy, which included the rise of humanism, individualism, and secularism. Writers and artists began to focus on the individual man and his potential. The Renaissance movement began in the Italian city-states, especially Florence, and spread northward toward the rest of Europe. The Renaissance was the rebirth of new ideas in all aspects of life such as: science, technology, classical art, and education. A variety of factors led contributed to the beginnings of the Renaissance. One main factor which led to the start of the Renaissance was the Crusades. The Crusades was a series of wars by Western European Christians to recapture the Holy Land†¦show more content†¦This reformation changed the corrupt practices of the Catholic Church and formed many other religious sects in addition to Catholicism. The Renaissance also had a great effect on literature and education. After Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press there was a greater thirst for reading books all over Europe. Because Gutenbergs press could produce books quickly and with relatively little effort, bookmaking became much less expensive, allowing more people to buy reading material. In the Middle Ages, books had been costly and educational books were rare; only the wealthy had been regular readers and owners of books. However due to the Renaissance, the educated middle classes, could now afford books and they demanded works in their own languages. Furthermore, readers wanted a greater variety of books. Therefore, all kinds of books such as almanacs, textbooks, romances, poetry and especially Bibles were all published at this time. As the demand for books grew, the book trade began to thrive throughout Europe, and industries related to it, such as papermaking, increased as well. The result of all of this was a more literate nation and a stronger economy. 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