Impacts Of The Economic Downturn On Health Economics Essay

Undertaking ) â€Å" Identify and elucidate how the monetary downswing may affect straight and by implication on the health of individuals in the UK. Examine with notice to distinguish positions on wellbeing imbalances and financial position † â€Å" Those who do n't cognize history are bound to repeat it. † Edmund Burke ( 1729-1797 ) 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Poor wellbeing influences the lower-classes more altogether and lopsidedly than the high societies ( Chadwick, 1843 ) . To some degree before his clasp Chadwick closed the inconsistent effect of hapless wellbeing on lower financial gatherings is evitable. In fact, Chadwick guaranteed that he could cut the expire rate in London by a third by bettering the states of the lower-classes ( Chadwick, 1843 ) . Figure: Scanned mixture from the first investigation by Edwin Chadwick on the stimulating states of the working populace of Great Britain ( 1843 ) . 1.2 Chadwick ‘s confidence in miasma, as the instrument of expire, was erroneous yet his choice that the effect of sick wellbeing and mortality on the lower-classes was more noteworthy than that of â€Å" high societies † was definitely not off base. In 1844 Engles guaranteed the uniqueness was because of the pursuit of riches by the high societies, the white collar class, at the disbursal of the wellbeing of the lower-classes, the work, and alluded to the wonder as â€Å" cultural killing † ( Engles, 1844 ) . 1.3 Since Chadwicks ‘ concentrate in 1843 numerous others, most eminently, the Black Report ( DHSS, 1980 ) , the Whitehead Report ( Whitehead, 1988 ) , the Atchison Report ( 1997 ) and the Marmot Review ( 2010 ) , presume that those in lower-classes or lower financial gatherings are bound to be influenced by hapless health, and as an impact the work will see higher mortality which is unreasonable and completely evitable ( Bradby, 2009 ) . The motivation behind this paper is to put and elucidate how the 08/09 financial downswing may affect the health of individuals in the UK with explicit notice to social-class and wellbeing disparities. 2.0 Social-class and health imbalances 2.1 The Registrar General ‘s arrangement of social-class, considered in 1911, depended on business with explicit notice to the inferred cultural situation of that business ( Bartley and Blane, 2009 ) . This technique for order, restricted by its solid thought of an organized hierarchal-constant society, was supplanted in 2001 by the National Statistics Socio-monetary Classification ( NS-SEC ) , a universally perceived arrangement that takes history of position, salary, possibilities, security, guidance, and freedom and control ( Denny and Early, 2005 ) . 2.2 In utilizing NS-SEC, Marmot ( 2010 ) indicated the total of cultural disparity people experience is near to the entirety of riches and influence used by those single ; the less riches, influence and impact and as needs be the lower social-class the more prominent the imbalance. Graham ( 2007 ) , recognized the beginnings of monetary and cultural imbalance are hapless guidance, inadequacy of occupation possibility, and in like manner hapless pay risks, and showed a generational geographic disposition to sick wellbeing and disablement. 2.3 The possible cultural spot, cash, influence, and material riches procured in life are non comparative with their wellbeing risks, ( Marmot, 2010 ) . Together the determiners of health are established in the cultural, land, natural, political, and material universe ; which influence the psychological and physical prosperity of people unevenly. Dahlgren and Whitehead ( 1991 ) obviously depict the determiners of health as a multifactorial-financial wonder of which the mass is heavily influenced by those with more prominent force, see Figure: The central determiners of wellbeing ( Beginning: Dahlgren and Whitehead, 1991 ) . underneath: Figure: The central determiners of health ( Beginning: Dahlgren and Whitehead, 1991 ) . 2.4 The cultural imbalances in wellbeing are depicted by Bartley et al.. ( 2004 ) as 4 hypothetical records: 2.4.1 The conduct hypothetical record which advocates the single decides to harm their inner self through their ain hapless picks, for example, intoxicant abuse, medicate use, smoke, and hapless eating routine doing meatiness ( Bartley et al.. 2004 ) . 2.4.2 The realist hypothetical record which propose the nature of your material universe, for example, your home, the area you live in, and handiness of value stocks affects your health ( Bartley et al.. 2004 ) . 2.4.3 The psyco-social hypothetical record investigations the connection between the physiological impacts of apparent cultural injustice on the human natural structure. High accentuation, inadequacy of help, enthusiastic withdrawal, connections, can result destructive organic adjustments which show in unwellnesss ( Bartley et al.. 2004 ) . 2.4.4 The existence class hypothetical record, which joins strands from the social, realist, and psychosocial hypothetical record. On the off chance that you are of a lower social-class, cultural portability is far-fetched and your material universe is far-fetched to change to improve things, nor are you practices or stressors, all of which have negative total impacts that harm health yet can-not be moderated by cultural capital, ( Bartley et al.. 2004 ) . 2.5 Locker ( 2008 ) portrays the consolidate idea of these hypothetical records as the â€Å" web of causing † . Reminiscent of the recommendation that no individual hypothetical record chronicles for all reasons for sick wellbeing yet without vulnerability health disparities show in increasingly since quite a while ago run unwellness for lower-classes, and higher newborn child death rates, non to advert a more noteworthy chance of coronary chest infections, shot, lung harmful neoplastic illnesses, self-pulverizations, and respiratory sickness ( Marmot, 2010 ) . 3.0 Recession and Downturns 3.1 The meaning of a â€Å" Recession † is generally acknowledged as at least two consecutive quarters of negative developing. The ONS has recorded eight downturns in the course of the last 55 mature ages ; on standard of 1 each 6.8 mature ages, Table: Eight downturns between 1956-2009, related figure of negative developing periods and total effect on GDP. ( Beginning: ONS, 2011 ) alludes ( ONS, 2011 ) . Table: Eight downturns between 1956-2009, related figure of negative developing periods and combined effect on GDP. ( Beginning: ONS, 2011 ) . 3.2 Literature recommends the lower financial classification endure all the more well in the midst of downturn, in spite of the fact that Elliott et Al. ( 2009 ) propose the more extended term anguish and in certain regards, the best result on lower social-classes is from the downswing. The 08/09 downturn began in Q2/08 and finished in Q3/09, stand foring six fourth of negative developing and has the best combined diminishing in GDP ( ONS, 2011 ) . Elliott et Al. ( 2009 ) area the length of downturn and longer-term effects of the downturn are separated. The scholars endeavor at a graphical portrayal of Elliott et Al. ‘s premise are seen in beneath: Figure: Writers graphical portrayal of Elliott et Al. ‘s premise that the downturn and downswing are separated 3.4 This portrayal may propose the result of rebalancing is bound to affect lower social-classes than the downturn its self image, given that market powers controlled by higher social-classes make nature for a downturn, which is rebalanced via cardinal specialists at the disbursal of the lower-classes in the signifier of diminished open dispensing and likewise a reduction in business and cultural administrations. 4.0 Social-class and the financial downswing 4.1 Harmonizing to Marmot and Bell ( 2009 ) downturns have more prominent effect on those of a lower financial spot because of their powerlessness to bear a downturn. In spite of the fact that, Gerdtham and Ruhm ( 2006 ) , dependent on an examination of OECD informations, asserted mortalities rates decrease during downturns an investigation of informations acquired from the ONS shows that profound quality rates as a % of populace did non compound all around over the time of 1956 †2009 against the mean death rate for that period. Orchestrating the ONS data for the initial 5 downturns the death rate was higher than standard when considered as a % of populace. During the 90/91 downturn the death rates as a for each centum of populace was close standard thus declined essentially during the most recent downturn, which agree with Rhum ( 2005 ) discoveries, Figure: Mortality rates as a % of populace during downturn mature ages. ( Beginning: ONS 2011 ) alludes. Figure: Mortality rates as a % of populace during downturn mature ages. ( Beginning: ONS 2011 ) 4.2 Interestingly the joblessness rate as a for each centum of the populace when considered against the mean joblessness for the period 1973-2009, was fundamentally lower in the 73/74 downturn and simply arrived at para toward the start of the 90/91 downturn, Figure: Unemployment rates as a for each centum of populace during downturn mature ages alludes. Martikainen et Al. ( 2007 ) recognized in their study, death rates do non needfully increment during downturn mature ages, and truth be told, grounds proposes the antonym. In particular, during the last downturn death rates give off an impression of being over the standard during times of high joblessness, Figure: Mortality rates as a % of populace during downturn mature ages. ( Beginning: ONS 2011 ) and Figure: Unemployment rates as a for every centum of populace during downturn mature ages allude. Figure: Unemployment rates as a for every centum of populace during downturn mature ages, ( Beginning: ONS, 2011 ) 4.3 Marmot ( 2010 ) , Elliott et Al. ( 2010 ) , Kondo et Al. ( 2008 ) , finish up the effect on wellbeing is straight identified with social-class, which is significant when you think about most recent downturn. Proof shows that joblessness all things considered ascents and with that ascent there is other than an ascent in the morta

Jesus Christ-Life and Influence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jesus Christ-Life and Influence - Research Paper Example Jesus is collectively viewed as the one and the main virgin birth that has showed up in the whole history of humanity since the formation of Adam and Eve in the heaven. The Old Testament had just made an expectation about his appearance on the planet through the virgin conveyance to be made by a devout and modest honorable woman for example Heavenly Virgin Mary (Isaiah, 7:14). In this manner, the devout and strict disapproved of Jews were very much aware with respect to this uncommon sort of birth in their clan one day in the wake of the Commandments to be made by the Lord so as to show the agnostics, non-adherents, and fakers the indications of the Omnipotence of the Lord. Since all the clans having confidence in Almighty God were in hold up of such a hallowed birth, the Magi additionally voyaged wide from the old Persia to the city of Nazareth so as to see the favored youngster showed up on the planet from the high sky so as to fill the world with the stunning sacrosanct light of e quity, balance, honesty, and confidence. The Gospel of Matthew gives a point by point and far reaching record of the visit of the three Magi from the inaccessible locale of Persia (Matthew, 2:2). Since the Magi had been honored with the information on soothsaying, and their relationship with the Zoroastrians had expanded their confidence in the Oneness of Almighty God the Creator, the three Magi set out to a comprehensive campaign towards Nazareth so as to see the sacred kid and present their blessings to the Savior of mankind. Therefore, the youngster would absolutely be special and phenomenal one, which would go through his whole time on earth in instructing, lecturing and helping the individuals without separation, and would grasp passing at the prime of his childhood only for sparing the humankind from turning into a survivor of the discipline and misery for submitting the first sin. Jesus was conceived in Bethlehem, and the Magi additionally met him there (Anderson, 2005: 23-24 ). Notwithstanding, due to the resistance made by the wolves in sheep's clothing and non-adherents, Holy Mary needed to continue to Egypt so as to spare the hallowed youngster from the scorn of the jealous and angry individuals of Nazareth. Little is thought about the adolescence and early young people of the Holy Christ, however the students of history and scholars give off an impression of being concurring with the idea that the indications of the otherworldly height of this holy kid had begun showing up as a part of his character since the youth years (Littleton, 1975: 22). By one way or another, Jesus came back to his local city alongside his hallowed mother in his initial youth, where he was purified through water by Holy John the Baptist (Matthew, 3:13-16), however John is seen to proclaim Jesus better than him in all regards. Thus, it becomes clear that his contemporary upright men of Nazareth had kept up the information on the otherworldly and raised status of Jesus Christ. The Christian confidence is credited to Christ, who lectured love and thoughtfulness to all humankind.

Common Blogging Myths 5 Myths About Blogs People Thinks are True

Common Blogging Myths 5 Myths About Blogs People Thinks are True Last Updated on February 23, 2020You might also like: Blog hosting I work daily with bloggers and people who want to get started, so I’ve seen a lot of misleading opinions. Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert Today’s post will focus on discussing the myths that have spread widely to people who have recently started or desire to have a blog.Table of Contents Here are the blogging myths1. Blogging is an easy way to earn a ton of cash2. You need to a tech-savvy coder to get a blog up3. You have to write every single day4. You have to invest a lot of money in blogging5. There’s not much to learn about bloggingHere are the blogging myths Join the FREE TrainingDo You Want To Learn How To Build 6 Figures Authority Sites?Join This Free Training To...Finally have a proven method to finding profitable nichesGet access to a foolproof keywor d research methodLearn how to outsource quality contentLearn how to build white hat links to your site without headaches Everyone knows how to send and read one. The same applies to blogging. It used to be complicated but it has become easy nowadays.Everyone is capable of starting a blog these days and gets a decent blog up and running. Believe me, I have helped people from age 7 to 79. They all have managed to do that, why shouldn’t you?3. You have to write every single dayMost blogs don’t publish content every day unless they are big news sites. The average number of posts is 1-2 per week. Some professional bloggers even write only one long post every month but they still have thousands of readers.Every blogger develops their own regularity. The most important thing is consistency, not quantity. It’s not wise to flood followers with tens of posts as it is not good to leave the blog not updated for a very long time. When you get started, you can publish a post or two every week and that’s just enough to keep your readers excited and engaged.4. You have to invest a lot of money in bloggingPeople are talking about expensive blogging services, layout templates, and paid services ranging from $50 â€" $500. I don’t agree with that because I use free tools, templates and everything necessary.The only inevitable cost is the hosting plan a domain name. In total, that’s around $100 for something half decent; less than $10 per month in some cases. That’s the only cost to get started besides your own personal time.Unfortunately, people who have never blogged often discuss the topics they know nothing about; the same applies to money and expenses.5. There’s not much to learn about bloggingThere are a lot of skills that are regularly enhancing when people blog. Starting from self-discipline and writing skills, you get a lot of valuable information about marketing and specific industries.I’ll bring an example about my friend, who is a travel blogger: If you’re a travel blogger, you build valuable connections, learn a lot about the industry (how to find cheap plane tickets, where accommodation is the best, etc) and other blogs. After finishing his journey in 15 different countries, he got 4 job offers from travel agencies.You may ask why and here’s the answer: He knows the people bloggers, what they care about, how marketing works in this industry and much more. So, he’s a really valuable asset to the company.So, if you hear someone spreading these 5 myths about blogging, you know the real situation is a lot different. And if you haven’t started with blogging, head on over to my homepage and find out how. Facebook blog page Blogger to WordPress

Exploring Whether or not Profanity in Music is Corrupting...

Profanity in music, is it a problem that must be addressed now or is it even a problem that we as a society have the power to fix. There have been many different arguments on the topic of profanity in music, however the question remains should music be censored. In Robert T. M. Phillips’ address to congress he insists that we must act now to protect our society from the damaging effects of explicit music. Becky L. Tatum argues in her article â€Å"The Link Between Rap Music and Youth Crime and Violence† that the effects of rap music are basically unknown and extensive research must be conducted before causal assumptions are made. Martha Bayles suggest in her article â€Å"The Perverse in the Popular, that society is attracted to evils or negatives†¦show more content†¦Communication Theorists want the public protected from the lyrics that could alter there way of thinking. Cultural Studies seem to see think that the shocking aspects of entertainment are a neces sary evil. Then there is Traditional Philosophy, that seem to dismiss popular culture altogether. Communication Theory is based on Marshall McLuhan’s hypothesis that the medium is the message or that the media has the power to retool the human sensorium and change human consciousness. W. Russell Neuman found that most humans are resistant toward any message that dose not fit the makeup of the mind receiving it. The optimist and the pessimist of Communication Theory totally contradict each other. It seems that Bayles introduces her readers to the Communication theorist and both sides of the argument to discredit the theory altogether. Bayles then moves on to the field of Cultural Studies. Cultural Studies focuses on the political and social impacts of the media. Its academic practitioners place all works on the same level, as specimens to be analyzed, not evaluated. However that does not stop them from making judgments of value. As Bayles points out, Cultural Studies apply their own standards, which begin with the assumption that all cultural products are ultimately about power and possess value only to the degree that they attack the established social order. Bayles then discusses Traditional Philosophy, atShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesIntegrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation 226 Summary and Implications for Managers 228 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Confident Am I in My Abilities to Succeed? 202 Myth or Science? â€Å"The Support of Others Improves Our Chances of Accomplishing Our Goals† 204 S A L An Ethical Choice Motivated to Behave Unethically 209 glOBalization! Autonomy Needs Around the Globe 210 Self-Assessment Library What Are My Course Performance Goals? 214 Point/Counterpoint Fear Is a Powerful

Language, Exemplar, And Goodness Of Fit - 1579 Words

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The Privilege For False Privilege - 1597 Words

1. Does the absolute privilege for statements made in judicial proceedings protect defamatory statements made in letters to a judge submitted into evidence at a criminal trial? 2. Does the qualified privilege to publish to someone who shares a common interest or in defense of the interest of others apply when a party in a criminal matter solicited individuals to submit letters to a judge attesting to the party’s character? II. Brief Answers 1. Likely yes. Because the statements were related to judicial proceedings, and there was an opportunity to challenge the veracity of the statements, any defamatory statements contained therein are likely protected by the absolute privilege for statements made in judicial proceedings. 2. Perhaps. It†¦show more content†¦Peck, 43 Md. App. 168, 173 (1979). This doctrine has a fascinating history beginning on June 13, 1888, when the Court of Appeals decided three cases involving this privilege on the same day. 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Perceptions of Sex Crimes Investigators †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss anout the Perceptions of Sex Crimes Investigators. Answer: Introduction: The Forensic science mostly deals with the examination that are performed in public by the experts. It is closely tied with scientific methods that is used in solving crime cases. Now days it has become essential part of the judicial system. As when cases arrives related to life and death, forensic evidences plays a crucial role. Here key evidence in criminal cases may have come from witness or other subjective means from the past, but forensic always relies on objective evidences (Dror et al. 2013). In the judicial system, accuses remains innocent until proven guilty by the evidences and law. Thus, both the defense and prosecution in many court cases now regularly use it. The recent analysis on contextual bias has discovered that the examiners subjective decision and observation can be misled by excessive information and influences. As experts are intentionally taking vulnerable and erroneous decision after getting touched with the influential people. Thus the objectives are always tends to be hampered due to minor influences that leads experts to develop management expectation about the outcomes of the examination (Buckleton et al. 2016). Thus, there is a biasness due to wishful thinking, self-fulfilling prophecies, traditional values and belief perseverance. These biases work unconsciously without any wrongful intentions on an examiner. Thus these factors are not deliberate or due to incompetence. However, these factors are sincere and thus it affects dedicated forensic experts. These influences generally comes from different sources. There is a major role of the investigator as the theory of the case are in charge of him and at same time, his work is to provide information necessary and relatable to the experiment. Example of biasness includes communication between the colleagues working on the same experiment may share their results from each others work or from the transmittal letters that accompany evidences can induces a biasness in expecting the experiment outcome or acts as tunnel view if the case contains irrelevant information regarding the experiment (Quick and Choo 2014). There are many examples of contextual bias in forensics that occurred in recent times. A case related to Brandon Mayfield is an example of contextual bias. A bombing case occurred in the year 2004 where erroneous latent fingerprinting identification was undertaken. The United State Federal Bureau took the charge of investigation after Spanish police gave the necessary information related to case like dormant fingerprinting found from the plastic bag. The FBI surely identified Brandon Mayfield, as the criminal was a bomber. This experiment of identification was further clearly justified by the finger printing experts and other FBI agents that was appointed by the court itself. The methods of identifying the criminal was false due to erroneous fingerprinting of the individual and was not due to methodology or technology (O'Leary et al. 2015). It was a high profile case and there was a pressure to solve the case. The primary examiner in matching more characteristics between the prints i nfluenced the case. Subsequent examination was then performed, as the initial result was not withheld during verification stage, as the first examiner was highly respected supervisor. Error also occurred due to overconfidence in being one of the best fingerprinting agencies and urgency of case was also the cause that is related to the knowledge of the suspects spiritual belief and terrorist association. From the above example, it is clearly understood environmental influences can bias results for human hair examination. As criteria for identification of individualism occurs via methodology that is analysis, comparisons, evaluations, verifications. In this case first from of analysis was done based on the fingerprints found at the site of the investigation thus errors took place how contextual bias works. From the experimental study it was clear that as fingerprinting experts came to a decisions from the information provided by the police and critically analyzing it in first form of methods and no other forms of methods were further followed (Coulthard et al. 2016). Another example of contextual bias is the case of Stephan Cowans who become suspected as his name was suggested as someone who sold a hat to a criminal. This may have initially biased the investigation purposes, as it was an extraneous influence all around. Later print was found at home were of perpetrators daughter and mother that was misattributed to Cowans. As cows name was wrongly appeared. After those six years have passed, DNA evidences later rectified Cowans. There was another error committed by the fingerprinting examiner who had done mistake but proceed in the experiment through trail (Ward 2015). In this experiment, results came from the analysis of latent print by observing only the seller who was assumed to be suspected in this case. Later the seller was not found guilty as other processes of comparisons prints were done that passed the final review process, as peer review process was apart that checks the procedure that took place during the experiment. SHIRLEY Mackie case was also an example of contextual bias. Shirley Mackie was detective constable who was arrested in the accusation of falsehood for stating under oath as a crown witness. There a fingerprint was found in the crime scene of murder that was not her prints in that case. The finger printing experts proved this evidence of fingerprinting. Later the result was found to be erroneous. Here in this case the fingerprints were found very similar to the suspects so the experts concluded a positive identification when enough similar characteristics were found. This change in fingerprints may have occurs due to skin disease or with contact of other substances that leaves pattern ridge impression on the surface of the skin (Kukucka and Kassin 2014). Options in forensic Evidences: The Options are considered those measures that are undertaken in order to counter effect the contextual bias. Different aspects of options have been discussed in brief in the later part of the report. Blind Testing is the simplest form of options in forensic science which are used in order to counteract the contextual bias. Here no irrelevant information are given to the experts so that they cannot be influenced by the details. Only necessary information are provided regarding the case during the experiment. It sometimes occurs that important facts are required for execution of examination thus it becomes exposed. Sometimes cases are revealed in order to get the information so that task can be performed (Menaker et al. 2016). However, it requires filter system of information. Sometimes officers removes suggestive domain irrelevant information and form submission and they will help to coordinate the examination. At the time of experiment the beliefs, expectation of police and other personnel are being guarded from the examiner. Blindness to the context will ensure examiner based on the results on actual evidences. Another example is double blind proficiency test which is used to check the quality of performance of forensic laboratory and also assesses the competence of the examiner. Here the both the examiner and the laboratory are being unaware that their performance are being tested. A series of unknown samples that are also unknown to the laboratory and examiner are being sent for the examination management. However, it gives a clear indications of the performance of an examiner and his expertise. Forensic evidences is challenging based on contextual and conformation bias as it will appear in Australian court for justification. In these course of experiment there is diversity in literature and experimental studies as both varies in this regards. Despite of this, flaws courts still relies on the forensic science and has faith upon it (Drake and Adams 2015). It also becomes a challenge to the erroneous results because of extraneous influences that also becomes comprehended ideas to the forensic science. However, it is not uncertain that forensic experts performs an invariable role to the judge or jury. The judge and jury always provides interference regarding the experiment results but it is also agreed that forensic cannot be held only responsible for erroneous results (Vera-Rodriguez et al. 2017). Conclusion: In order to conclude the above discussion in brief it can be said that forensic is that branch of science which deals with investigation of criminal cases. It is an integral portion of our legal system. In recent times, forensic evidences have witnessed quite a few contextual biases that might be unintentional or even intentionally. As it is seen in the above discussion that these bias operate unconsciously and the major elements of these are proved to be prophecies, beliefs, traditional values, etc. These bias deviate the overall outcome of the forensic evidences. As the important cases were discussed which were the cases of Brandon Mayfield, Cowans and Mackie where it was observed that error took place due to biasness, overconfidence and negligibility. In order to overcome these issue certain steps are needed to be undertaken. In relation to the measures that are to be taken in order to overcome these problem the concept of options was discussed which explained several methods that are used to counter effect these biasness. These options include measures like Bling Testing, Double Blind Proficiency Test, etc. which act toward taking corrective decision in the event of any biasness. It was also observed in the discussion that these forensic evidences are always challenging based on contextual biasness. However, it can be stated that the role of forensic science to jury or judge is always incomparable and uniform. Reference Buckleton, J.S., Bright, J.A. and Taylor, D. eds., 2016.Forensic DNA evidence interpretation. CRC press. Coulthard, M., Johnson, A. and Wright, D., 2016.An introduction to forensic linguistics: Language in evidence. Routledge. Drake, S.A. and Adams, N.L., 2015. 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